category archives are also showing the posts of subcategories by default;
you would need to edit category.php of your theme (if your theme does not have one, create anew from a copy of archive.php or index.php);
in the loop, change for example:
<?php the_content(); ?>
to:
<?php if( in_category( get_query_var('cat') ) {
the_content();
} else {
the_excerpt();
} ?>
(untested)
the post title would generally already link to the full post.
if you want to link to the sub category instead, you also need to change the coding ot the_title()
line...